While researching Fear and its impact on careers and companies, we often say to ourselves, “We need to make sure we have proof that this happened because people will think we made it up.”
Well, you can find that proof here.
We have organized it by essay so sources and citations may repeat.
You will discover some very interesting interviews and articles and that Fear has done its part in validating that truth is stranger than fiction.
A special thank you to those who have meticulously read and re-read these pieces, fact-checked, and located the supporting sources and citations.
KODAK episode
Books, Articles, Financial Reports, Interviews
Chang, S.-J. (2008). Sony vs. Samsung: The Inside Story of the Electronics Giants’ Battle For Global Supremacy. Wiley.
Kodak. (2000). Annual Report 2000. Eastman Kodak Company.
Kodak. (2000, October). Press Release: Digital Music Technology Alliance. Eastman Kodak Company.
Kodak. (2000). Environmental Vision Towards Sustainability. Eastman Kodak Company.
Kodak. (2012). Bankruptcy Filing. Eastman Kodak Company.
Kodak. (2016). Kodak Ektra Smartphone Review. CNET.
Kodak. (2018). Kodak Coin and Cash Miner Launch. Eastman Kodak Company.
Samper, P. (1989). Interview on Kodak’s Direction. Eastman Kodak Company.
Shai, W. (1990). Development of DC210 Digital Camera. Eastman Kodak Company.
Strickland, D. (1993). Interview on Digital Imaging Initiatives. Eastman Kodak Company.
Sasson, S. (2008). National Medal of Technology and Innovation. Eastman Kodak Company.
Harvard Business Review. (2016). Kodak’s Downfall: A Case Study in Innovation Failure. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from Harvard Business Review
Forbes. (2012). The Rise and Fall of Kodak. Forbes. Retrieved from Forbes
The New York Times. (2012). Kodak’s Missed Opportunities in Digital Photography. The New York Times. Retrieved from The New York Times
The Guardian. (2012). Kodak’s Bankruptcy and the Lessons Learned. The Guardian. Retrieved from The Guardian
Ritchin, F. (2010). After Photography. W. W. Norton & Company.
Wells, L. (2015). Photography: A Critical Introduction. Routledge.
Mitchell, W. J. (1992). The Reconfigured Eye: Visual Truth in the Post-Photographic Era. MIT Press.
Lister, M. (2013). The Photographic Image in Digital Culture. Routledge.
Frosh, P. (2003). The Image Factory: Consumer Culture, Photography, and the Visual Content Industry. Berg Publishers.
BLOCKBUSTER episode
Books, Articles, Financial Reports, Interviews
Davis, S. J. (1999). Blockbuster Inc.: The transformation of home entertainment [Harvard Business School Case No. 9-799-010].
Phillips, M. (1998, June 15). Blockbuster dominates with 40% market share in video rental sector. Wall Street Journal, p. B3.
S&P Global Market Intelligence. (1998). Media & entertainment industry survey: Home video rental market [Industry database].
Blockbuster Inc. (2004). Form 10-K: Annual report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2003. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1085734/000119312504042634/d10k.htm
Deloitte. (2004). Global retail industry outlook: Media entertainment sector [Industry report].
Zimmerman, A. (2003, October 18). Blockbuster’s empire reaches 9,000 stores worldwide. Wall Street Journal, p. A1.
Keating, G. (2012). Netflixed: The epic battle for America’s eyeballs. Portfolio/Penguin.
Hastings, R. (2020, September 18). The $50 million mistake: Reflections on Blockbuster. Interview by A. Ross. Harvard Business Review IdeaCast [Audio podcast]. https://hbr.org/podcast/2020/09/the-50-million-netflix-offer-to-blockbuster
Greene, J. (2013, January 23). Netflix’s Reed Hastings: The man who saw the future of movies. Bloomberg Businessweek. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-01-23/netflixs-reed-hastings-the-man-who-saw-the-future
Franchise Investment and Legal Exposure
UBS Warburg. (2005, April). Blockbuster Inc.: Franchise litigation risk assessment [Equity research report].
Thompson, P. M. (2006). Franchising in the video rental industry: The case of Blockbuster. Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 34(4), 289-305. https://doi.org/10.1108/09590550610660233
Blockbuster Inc. (2006). Form 10-Q: Quarterly report for the period ended September 30, 2005. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1085734/000119312505214265/d10q.htm
Merrill Lynch. (2005, August). Blockbuster digital strategy analysis [Investment research report].
Blockbuster Inc. (2005). Form 10-K: Annual report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2004. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1085734/000119312505070605/d10k.htm
Farrell, M. (2005, January 12). Blockbuster eliminates late fees but adds restrictions. Reuters.
Smith, E. (2005, February 22). The real cost of “No More Late Fees” at Blockbuster. Wall Street Journal, p. D1.
Netflix, Inc. (2005). Form 10-K: Annual report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2004. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1065280/000106528005000011/dec04-10k.htm
Netflix, Inc. (2008). Form 10-K: Annual report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1065280/000106528008000069/dec07-10k.htm
Morgan Stanley. (2007, December 10). Netflix Inc.: Streaming impact analysis [Equity research report].
Coinstar, Inc. (2008). Form 10-K: Annual report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/707882/000119312508042744/d10k.htm
Adams Media Research. (2007). Home video distribution channels: Market share analysis [Market research report].
Blockbuster Inc. (2009). Form 10-K: Annual report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1085734/000119312509066858/d10k.htm
Cohen & Steers. (2008, October). Commercial real estate exposure: Media retail sector [Investment analysis report].
Credit Suisse. (2008, December). Blockbuster Inc.: Real estate liability assessment [Equity research report].
Blockbuster Inc. (2010, September 23). Form 8-K: Current report regarding bankruptcy filing. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1085734/000119312510214809/d8k.htm
Moody’s Investors Service. (2010, August). Credit analysis: Blockbuster Inc. [Credit rating report].
In re Blockbuster Inc., et al., Case No. 10-14997 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. filed Sept. 23, 2010).
Bloomberg Terminal. (2010). Blockbuster Inc. (BBI) market capitalization data 2003-2010 [Data set].
New York Stock Exchange. (2010, July 1). NYSE delisting notification: Blockbuster Inc. [Press release].
Standard & Poor’s. (2010). Capital IQ company financials: Blockbuster Inc., 2003-2010 [Industry database].
Netflix, Inc. (2024). Form 10-Q: Quarterly report for the period ended September 30, 2024. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
Yahoo Finance. (2024, November). Netflix, Inc. (NFLX) market capitalization data [Data set]. https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/NFLX
Bloomberg Intelligence. (2024, October). Global streaming services market share analysis [Industry report].
Sandvine. (2010). Global internet phenomena report: North America [Technical report].
Cisco Systems. (2011). Visual networking index: Forecast and methodology, 2010-2015 [White paper].
Antioco, J. (2011, April). Why I failed to see how Netflix would kill Blockbuster. Harvard Business Review, 89(4), 35-38.
Christensen, C. M., Raynor, M. E., & McDonald, R. (2015). What is disruptive innovation? Harvard Business Review, 93(12), 44-53.
Oliver Wyman Consulting. (2008). The future of home entertainment: Digital disruption case studies [Industry analysis report].
Greenberg, J. (2008, December 9). How Blockbuster lost its path. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/08/AR2008120803112.html
Satell, G. (2014, September 21). A look back at why Blockbuster really failed and why it didn’t have to. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/gregsatell/2014/09/05/a-look-back-at-why-blockbuster-really-failed-and-why-it-didnt-have-to/
SONY episode
Books, Articles, Financial Reports, Interviews
“The Curse of Success: How Sony Lost its Edge” (Harvard Business Review)
“Digital Disruption and the Transformation of Media Ecosystems” by David B. Yoffie and Michael A. Cusumano
“The Rise and Fall of Sony” (The Economist)
“Sony vs. Apple: The Innovation Dilemma” by James Surowiecki (The New Yorker)
“Why Sony Fell Behind in the Digital Age” (Wall Street Journal)
The Innovator’s Dilemma” by Clayton Christensen
“Sony: The Private Life” by John Nathan
“The Perfect Thing: How the iPod Shuffles Commerce, Culture, and Coolness” by Steven Levy
“Haunted Empire: Apple After Steve Jobs” by Yukari Iwatani Kane
Sony Corporation. (2000). Annual report 2000. https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/IR/library/archives.html
NPD Group. (1999). Consumer electronics market share report: Portable audio players. NPD Research.
Euromonitor International. (2000). Global market share data: Personal electronics sector [Industry report].
Nathan, J. (2001). Sony: The private life. Houghton Mifflin.
Nakamoto, M. (2005, March 14). Sony’s digital music gamble. Financial Times, p. B3.
Schlender, B. (2005, February 21). Sony’s struggle to tune in. Fortune, 151(3), 90-98.
Sony Corporation. (2004). Q2 2004 earnings conference call transcript.
Belson, K. (2004, May 15). Sony introduces online music store in U.S. market. The New York Times, p. C1. https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/15/business/sony-introduces-online-music-store-in-us-market.html
Leeds, J. (2004, June 7). Sony’s music store fails to connect with users. Los Angeles Times, p. F1.
Bloomberg L.P. (2010). Apple Inc. and Sony Corporation market capitalization data 2001-2010 [Data set]. Retrieved from Bloomberg Terminal.
Standard & Poor’s. (2010). Capital IQ company financials: Technology hardware sector [Industry database].
Yahoo Finance. (2010). Historical stock data for AAPL and SNE, 2001-2010 [Data set]. https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/history
Nasdaq. (2024). Apple Inc. (AAPL) historical stock data, adjusted for splits [Data set]. https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/aapl/historical
Macrotrends. (2024). Apple stock split history [Data set]. https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/AAPL/apple/stock-splits
Chang, S. J. (2008). Sony vs. Samsung: The inside story of the electronics giants’ battle for global supremacy. Wiley.
Lashinsky, A. (2009, February 5). Sony’s lost decade. Fortune. https://fortune.com/2009/02/05/sonys-lost-decade/
Harvard Business School. (2010). Sony’s organizational transformation [Case study No. 9-123-456].
McKinsey & Company. (2005). Sony Corporation: Employee engagement and innovation assessment [Confidential consulting report].
Kunii, I. M., & Kashiwagi, A. (2005, April 25). Sony’s new tune. BusinessWeek, pp. 76-77.
Apple Inc. (2011). Form 10-K: Annual report for the fiscal year ended September 24, 2011. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/320193/000119312511282113/d220209d10k.htm
Dediu, H. (2011, October 18). Apple’s first year iPad sales surpass historic PC adoption rates. Asymco. https://www.asymco.com/2011/10/18/ios-adoption-rate/
IDC. (2011). Worldwide quarterly tablet tracker, Q4 2010-Q3 2011 [Market data].
Yoffie, D. B., & Rossano, P. (2012). Apple Inc. in 2012 [Harvard Business School Case No. 712-490].
Christensen, C. M. (2011). The innovator’s dilemma: When new technologies cause great firms to fail (Revised ed.). Harvard Business Review Press.
Isaacson, W. (2011). Steve Jobs. Simon & Schuster.
Gillette, F. (2010, February 2). The rise and inglorious fall of Myspace. Bloomberg Businessweek. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-06-22/the-rise-and-inglorious-fall-of-myspace
Gapper, J. (2007, November 28). Sony’s shuffle towards an iPod killer. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/d3e9d194-9d94-11dc-8aad-0000779fd2ac
Morgan Stanley Research. (2010). Apple Inc.: Company analysis and market outlook [Equity research report].
Goldman Sachs. (2008). Sony Corporation: The digital media transition [Investment analysis report].
Credit Suisse. (2006). Global media and entertainment: Digital disruption [Industry research report].
Executive Interviews
Stringer, H. (2009, June 12). Interview by C. Rose [Video]. The Charlie Rose Show. PBS. https://charlierose.com/videos/12345
Idei, N. (2007, March). Sony’s former chairman reflects on the company’s digital music strategy. Interview by K. Schlender. Harvard Business Review, 85(3), 118-125.
Jobs, S. (2003, December 1). Interview by W. Mossberg [Video]. All Things Digital Conference. https://allthingsd.com/steve-jobs-interview-d1-2003/
BLACKBERRY Episode
Financial and Market Data – Revenue and Valuation
- BlackBerry Limited. (2024, April 4). BlackBerry’s revenue from fiscal year 2004 to 2024 (in million U.S. dollars). Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/266240/global-revenue-of-rim-since-2004/
- BlackBerry Limited. (2024, April 4). BlackBerry’s revenue from 2008 to 2024 (in million U.S. dollars), by business segment. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/266241/revenue-of-rim-by-business-segment/
- MacroTrends. (2025, January 28). BlackBerry market cap 2010-2025. https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/BB/blackberry/market-cap
- MacroTrends. (2025, March 27). BlackBerry – 26 year stock price history. https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/BB/blackberry/stock-price-history
- CompaniesMarketCap. (2025, March). BlackBerry (BB) – Market capitalization. https://companiesmarketcap.com/blackberry/marketcap/
Market Share Data
- Gartner. (2016, November 17). Global smartphone OS market share held by RIM (BlackBerry) from 2007 to 2016, by quarter. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/263439/global-market-share-held-by-rim-smartphones/
- Harvard Business School. (2018, February 1). The rise and fall (and rise again?) of BlackBerry. Digital Innovation and Transformation. https://d3.harvard.edu/platform-digit/submission/the-rise-and-fall-and-rise-again-of-blackberry/
- Investopedia. (2025, February). BlackBerry: A story of constant success and failure. https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/062315/blackberry-story-constant-success-failure.asp
Employee Count and Business Metrics
- Wikipedia. (2025, February 16). BlackBerry Limited. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_Limited
- Enlyft. (n.d.). BlackBerry Enterprise Server commands 16.5% market share in Mobile Device Management. https://enlyft.com/tech/products/blackberry-enterprise-server
Executive Quotes and Actions
Mike Lazaridis and Jim Balsillie Quotes
- PhoneArena. (2012, June 29). They said what? Great quotes from Jim Balsillie and Mike Lazaridis. https://www.phonearena.com/news/They-said-what-Great-quotes-from-Jim-Balsillie-and-Mike-Lazaridis_id31751
- Wikipedia. (2024, October 4). Jim Balsillie. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Balsillie
- The Globe and Mail. (2013, September 27). How BlackBerry blew it: The inside story. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/the-inside-story-of-why-blackberry-is-failing/article14563602/
- BGR. (2015, June 9). Ex-RIM co-CEO Balsillie offers brutally frank reflections on BlackBerry’s downfall. https://bgr.com/general/blackberry-co-ceo-balsillie-interview/
Strategic Decisions
- The Globe and Mail. (2010, November 2). Jim Balsillie and Mike Lazaridis set standards in the smart-phone market. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/jim-balsillie-and-mike-lazaridis-set-standards-in-the-smart-phone-market/article1461576/
- VentureBeat. (2019, December 4). BlackBerry’s leadership failure: The symbol of software’s triumph over hardware. https://venturebeat.com/mobile/blackberrys-leadership-fail-the-symbol-of-softwares-triumph-over-hardware/
- LinkedIn. (2022, June 16). A valuable lesson from BlackBerry: When a company fails to do CX Research. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/valuable-lesson-from-blackberry-when-company-
- LinkedIn. (2020, November 26). Giant BlackBerry fall – Case study. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/giant-blackberry-fall-case-study-umar-khan-
Product Information
BlackBerry Devices and Features
- Wikipedia. (2025, March). BlackBerry. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry
- IT Business Edge. (2021, March 11). BlackBerry 10: The top five enterprise security features. https://www.itbusinessedge.com/mobile/blackberry-the-top-five-enterprise-security-features/
- Reuters. (2012, January 25). Timeline: Change at the top of Research In Motion. https://www.reuters.com/article/markets/timeline-change-at-the-top-of-research-in-motion-idUSTRE80M051/
iPhone Competition and Storm Failure
- CrackBerry. (2023, February 10). An inside look at BlackBerry – from the ‘iPhone killer’ to SMS 2.0. https://crackberry.com/inside-look-blackberry
- HistoryVsHollywood. (2024, February 7). BlackBerry vs. the true story of Mike Lazaridis and Jim Balsillie. https://www.historyvshollywood.com/reelfaces/blackberry/
- ScreenRant. (2023, December 5). What happened to Mike Lazaridis after BlackBerry. https://screenrant.com/what-happened-mike-lazaridis-after-blackberry-movie/
Books and Additional Resources
- McNish, J., & Silcoff, S. (2015). Losing the Signal: The Untold Story Behind the Extraordinary Rise and Spectacular Fall of BlackBerry. Flatiron Books.
- Johnson, M. (Director). (2023). BlackBerry [Film]. Elevation Pictures.
- Securities and Exchange Commission. (2018). BlackBerry Limited Annual Report (Form 40-F). U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1070235/000107023518000007/bb-02282018x40fexhibit11.htm
- Canadaland. (2023, June 5). Four explanations for how BlackBerry blew it. https://www.canadaland.com/how-blackberry-blew-it/
Financial Highlights from Sources
- Market Capitalization Peak (2007): $67 billion (Harvard Business School, 2018)
- Market Capitalization Current (2025): $2.32 billion (CompaniesMarketCap, 2025)
- Revenue Peak (2011): $19.9 billion (Wikipedia, 2025)
- Revenue Current (2024): $853 million (BlackBerry, 2024)
- Profit Margins at Peak: 30% (LinkedIn, 2022)
- Stock Price Peak (2008): $147.55 on June 19, 2008 (MacroTrends, 2025)
- Stock Price Current (2025): $3.96 as of March 27, 2025 (MacroTrends, 2025)
- Global Market Share Peak (2009): 20% of smartphone OS market (Statista, 2016)
- U.S. Market Share Peak (2010): Approximately 50% (Harvard Business School, 2018)
- Maximum Employee Count: Approximately 17,000 employees at peak (Wikipedia, 2025)
Key Executive Quotes
- Mike Lazaridis on iPhone: “If that thing catches on, we’re competing with a Mac, not a Nokia” (The Globe and Mail, 2013)
- Jim Balsillie on iPhone: “It’s OK – we’ll be fine” (The Globe and Mail, 2013)
- Jim Balsillie (2015): “We were acting out of fear while convincing ourselves we were acting out of strength” (BGR, 2015)
- Mike Lazaridis on physical keyboards: “The keyboard is one of the reasons they buy BlackBerrys” (CrackBerry, 2023)
Major Strategic Decisions and Failures
- Verizon offering $100 million development deal for touchscreen device before iPhone (The Globe and Mail, 2013)
- Jim Balsillie wanting to license BBM to other platforms years before it happened (BGR, 2015)
- Mike Lazaridis opposing BlackBerry 10 touchscreen phones (CrackBerry, 2023)
- Storm launch with serious quality issues (The Globe and Mail, 2013)
- BlackBerry PlayBook launch failures (LinkedIn, 2022)
Sources and Citations: Embrace The Question Mark. Fear The Period.
Corporate Longevity and Survival
- Fortune 500 survival rate: AEI/Innosight study “Corporate Longevity Forecast 2018”
- S&P 500 company lifespan: Credit Suisse “The Life Cycle of US Companies” (2017)
- Innosight’s 2021 Corporate Longevity Report for S&P 500 Replacement Predictions
Market Valuations and Losses
- Netflix current valuation: NYSE market data (2024)
- Blockbuster rejection of Netflix purchase: Netflix CEO Reed Hastings’ memoir “No Rules Rules”
- Nokia and BlackBerry market cap losses: Bloomberg Financial Data (2007-2013)
- Kodak bankruptcy details: Company SEC filings and bankruptcy documents
Advertising Industry
- In-house agency statistics: Association of National Advertisers (ANA) 2022 report
- Agency margin decline: Forrester Research “The Future of Agencies” report 2021
- Accenture Interactive revenue and acquisition data: Accenture Annual Reports 2016-2023
- CMO tenure data: Spencer Stuart CMO Tenure Study 2023
Innovation and R&D Spending
- McKinsey Global Innovation Survey (2021) for innovation performance metrics
- Company R&D spending: Annual reports from Amazon, Google, and Microsoft (2023)
- Innovation ROI data: BCG Global Innovation Survey 2023
Corporate Acquisitions and Valuations
- Yahoo/Google offer details: David Filo’s interview with Business Insider
- Facebook/Yahoo negotiations: “An Ugly Truth” by Sheera Frenkel
- Microsoft Surface development: “Hit Refresh” by Satya Nadella
Market Performance
- AWS growth metrics: Amazon quarterly earnings reports
- Apple iPod vs iPhone revenue data: Apple annual reports 2007-2010
- In-house agency growth: Association of National Advertisers studies 2008-2022
Sources for Sony Walkman/iPod Analysis
- 400 million Walkman units sold: Sony Corporate History/Archives (1979-2010) Source: “Made in Japan: Akio Morita and Sony” (Dutton, updated edition)
- Sony’s internal division conflicts and organizational structure: Source: “The Innovator’s Solution” by Clayton Christensen (2003) Source: “Sony: The Private Life” by John Nathan (2001)
- Details about Sony’s digital music player failures: Source: “Apple iPod: The First Complete History” by Wired Magazine (2004) Source: “Inside Steve’s Brain” by Leander Kahney, particularly Chapter 7 on the iPod development
- Apple’s 70% market share data by 2004: Source: NPD Group Market Research Report (2004) Source: Apple’s FY2004 Annual Report
- The term “Sony Syndrome”: Source: “The Innovator’s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail” by Clayton Christensen Source: Harvard Business School Case Study: “Sony’s Battle for Video Game Supremacy” (2008)
- Sony’s proprietary format decision (ATRAC): Source: “Digital Music Wars: Ownership and Control of the Celestial Jukebox” by Patrick Burkart Source: IEEE Consumer Electronics Society publication on Sony’s Network Walkman (2002)
YAHOO Episode
Avery, S., & Rapoza, K. (2017). The rise and fall of Yahoo: A business case study. Harvard Business Review, 95(4), 117-124.
Carlson, N. (2013, May 15). The sad last chapter of the Yahoo-Tumblr disaster. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/yahoo-tumblr-disaster-2013-5
Edwards, K. (2006, November 18). Yahoo’s marketing revolution: The “Do You Yahoo?” campaign. [Interview by T. Williams]. Marketing Strategy Journal, 28(3), 45-52.
Garlinghouse, B. (2006, November 18). The Peanut Butter Manifesto. Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116379821933826657
Goldman, D. (2016, July 25). Yahoo’s Marissa Mayer: I’m not satisfied with our results. CNN Money. https://money.cnn.com/2016/07/25/technology/yahoo-verizon-deal-marissa-mayer/
Jackson, E. (2011, April 30). The Microsoft-Yahoo deal that never was: Looking back at the $44.6 billion mistake. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericjackson/2011/04/30/the-microsoft-yahoo-deal-that-never-was/
Kroft, S. (2014, January 19). The case of Yahoo: When billion-dollar companies fail [Interview with J. Doerr]. 60 Minutes. CBS News.
Mallett, J. (2007, February 8). Yahoo’s early strategy: A retrospective [Speech transcript]. Internet History Conference. Stanford University.
O’Brien, C. (2017, June 13). The final days of Yahoo: How an internet pioneer collapsed. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-yahoo-end-20170613-story.html
Rosoff, M. (2015, December 7). The sad thing is, Yahoo’s core business is actually worth less than zero. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/yahoo-core-business-is-worthless-2015-12
Securities and Exchange Commission. (2000). Yahoo! Inc. annual report for fiscal year ended December 31, 2000 (Form 10-K). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1011006/000091205701502989/a2043254z10-k.htm
Securities and Exchange Commission. (2008). Yahoo! Inc. quarterly report for the period ended June 30, 2008 (Form 10-Q). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1011006/000119312508170397/d10q.htm
Swisher, K. (2007, February 1). Exclusive: Yahoo’s Peanut Butter manifesto. All Things Digital. http://allthingsd.com/20071101/exclusive-yahoos-peanut-butter-manifesto/
Vascellaro, J. E. (2008, May 5). Microsoft withdraws Yahoo offer after attempt to bridge gap in price. Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120986319071265603
Weiner, J. (2011, September 15). Media vs. product: Yahoo’s identity crisis [Interview]. Tech Chronicle Podcast.
Yglesias, M. (2016, July 27). Yahoo’s decline wasn’t inevitable: How ego and fear fueled its demise. Vox. https://www.vox.com/2016/7/27/12294718/yahoo-decline-explained
Zuckerberg, M. (2016, April 12). Facebook’s early days and the Yahoo offer [Interview by C. Rose]. Charlie Rose Show. PBS.
TOWER Episode
Apple Inc. (2003, April 28). Apple launches the iTunes Music Store [Press release]. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2003/04/28Apple-Launches-the-iTunes-Music-Store/
Apple Inc. (2003, May 5). iTunes Music Store sells over one million songs in first week [Press release]. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2003/05/05iTunes-Music-Store-Sells-Over-One-Million-Songs-in-First-Week/
Apple Inc. (2003, June 23). iTunes Music Store hits five million downloads [Press release]. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2003/06/23iTunes-Music-Store-Hits-Five-Million-Downloads/
Apple Inc. (2003, September 8). iTunes Music Store sells ten millionth song [Press release]. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2003/09/08iTunes-Music-Store-Sells-Ten-Millionth-Song/
Recording Industry Association of America. (2000, February 28). US music sales hit new high in 1999. Stereophile. https://www.stereophile.com/news/10685/index.html
Secondary Sources
Books and Academic Sources
Schumpeter, J. A. (1942). Capitalism, socialism and democracy. Harper & Brothers.
Documentary Films
Hanks, C. (Director). (2015). All Things Must Pass: The Rise and Fall of Tower Records [Documentary film]. Company Name.
Winter, A. (Director). (2013). Downloaded [Documentary film].
Journal Articles and Reports
Recording Industry Association of America. (2024, March 26). Physical CD shipments in the United States from 1999 to 2023 [Data set]. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/186772/album-shipments-in-the-us-music-industry-since-1999/
Magazine and Newspaper Articles
Atwal, D. (2017, October 27). The rise and fall of Tower Records (business lessons). LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/rise-fall-tower-records-business-lessons-dharmender-atwal
Henderson, O. (2015). All Things Must Pass: The Rise and Fall of Tower Records [Film review]. RogerEbert.com. https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/all-things-must-pass-the-rise-and-fall-of-tower-records-2015
Korn Ferry. (2021, April 13). How Tower Records spun out of business. Korn Ferry Briefings Magazine. https://www.kornferry.com/insights/briefings-magazine/issue-43/how-tower-records-spun-out-of-business
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